Evaluation of the reproductive potential of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gracilariales: Rhodophyta) in San Andres, Pisco-Peru

Published 2025-07-01
Keywords
- Red seaweed,
- reproduction,
- sporulation,
- aquaculture,
- cultivation
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2025 Sofía Cielo Chung-Velásquez, Paul Martin Baltazar Guerrero, Max S. Castañeda Franco

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (known in Perú as “pelillo”) is a red seaweed of economic importance recognized for providing a wide variety of services. The aim of this work is to evaluate the reproductive potential (RP) of individuals of the species extracted from Playa San Andrés, Pisco-Peru through the spore release technique; for this purpose, samples of the species were taken in areas far from the shore (A, B and C) and spore release was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results of this study indicate that the shore conditions would be favorable for the maturity of reproductive structures and spore release in this species, conditioned by water physicochemical parameters, highlighting temperature and salinity among them. An average of 274.91 ± 1.52 cystocarps g-1,14 950.08 ± 271.13
spores g-1, and a reproductive potential of 154,097.94 spores g-1 were counted. Further research can complement this work in order to propose management plans.
Downloads
References
- Aguilar-Rosas, R., Marcos-Ramírez, R., Lobo-Niembro, J. and Zertuche- González, J. (1993). Seasonal variation of reproductive and vegetative phases of Gracilaria pacifica Abbott, in Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California, México. Ciencias Marinas, 19(2), pp.219–228. https://doi. org/10.7773/cm.v19i2.927.
- Alveal, K., Romo, H., Werlinger, C. and Oliveira, E.C. (1997). Mass cultivation of the agar-producing alga Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) from spores. Aquaculture, 148(2-3), pp.77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044- 8486(96)01415-9.
- Arakaki, N., Schmidts, W.E., Carbajal, P. and Fredericq, S. (2015). First occurrence of Gracilaria chilensis, and distribution of Gracilariopsis lemaneifor- mis (Gracilariaceae, Gracilariales) in Peru on the basis of rbcL sequence analysis. Phytotaxa, 208(2), pp.175-181. https://doi.org/10.11646/phyto- taxa.208.2.7.
- Arbaiza, S. (2016). Viabilidad reproductiva para el cultivo de Chondracanthus chamissoi proveniente de tres poblaciones del litoral peruano. [Tesis Maestría en Acuícultura] Lamolina.edu.pe, p.114. Available at: http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12996/2772.
- Avila-Peltroche, J. and Padilla-Vallejos, J. (2020). The seaweed resources of Peru. Botanica Marina, 63(4), pp.381–394. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot- 2020-0026.
- Barrera Castillo, V.V. (2024). Vertimiento de aguas residuales domiciliarias y el grado de contaminación del rio Pisco, Ica, 2023. [Tesis Lic. Ing. Amb] Unica.edu.pe, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, p.65. Available at: https://repositorio.unica.edu.pe/items/89573d43-4c65-49e1-8f12- bf757f8df474.
- Bellorín, A.M. y Lemus, J. (1997). Efecto de la temperatura y la irradiancia en el crecimiento in vitro del alga Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Bird and Oliveira) Fredericq and Hommersand (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, 36, pp.61–67.
- Bird, N., McLachlan, J. and Grund, D. (1977). Studies on Gracilaria. 5. In vitro life history of Gracilaria sp. from the Maritime Provinces. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55(10), pp.1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1139/b77-149.
- Bulboa, C., Macchiavello, J., Oliveira, E. and Véliz, K. (2008). Growth rate differences between four Chilean populations of edible seaweed Chondracanthus chamissoi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Aquaculture Research, 39(14), pp.1550–1555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02028.x.
- Buschmann, A.H., López, D.A. and Medina, A. (1996). A review of the environmental effects and alternative production strategies of marine aquaculture in Chile. Aquacultural Engineering, 15(6), pp.397–421. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0144-8609(96)01006-0.
- Campos, S., Pinazo, K., Gutiérrez, P. y Quiroz, M. (2017). Monitoreo biológico poblacional del recurso ‘camarón de río’ Cryphiops caementarius (Molina, 1782) en los ríos Majes-Camaná y Ocoña. 2015. Informe del Instituto del Mar del Perú, 44(3), pp. 268–283. Available at: https://repositorio.imarpe.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12958/3225.
- Castillo, S.J., Espinoza, P.S. y Valdivieso, M.V. (1999). Guía para el cultivo del alga Gracilaria y manejo de praderas naturales. Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Pesquero (Fondepes), Lima. Lima, p.22. Disponible en: https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6771351/5868005-cultivo-del-alga-gracilaria-y-manejo.pdfy.
- Chen, X., Tang, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, X. and Xu, N. (2022). Comparative tran- scriptome analysis reveals the promoting effects of IAA on biomass production and branching of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Aquaculture, 548, p.737678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737678.
- Chennubhotla, K.V.S., Kaliaperumal, N., Ramalingam, R.J. and Kalimuthu, S. (2015). Growth, reproduction and spore output in Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskal) Boergesen and Gracilariopsis sjoestedtii (Kylin) Dawson around Mandapam. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 33(1), pp.76–84. Available at: https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/373/1/Article_09.pdf.
- Cisneros, R., Bautista, J. y Santos, C. (1997). Cultivo experimental del alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis en ambiente natural. Informe Progresivo del Instituto del Mar Perú, 60: 3–10. Disponible en: https:// repositorio.imarpe. gob.pe/handle/20.500.12958/1455.
- Cotas, J., Gomes, L., Pacheco, D. and Pereira, L. (2023). Ecosystem services provided by seaweeds. Hydrobiology, 2(1), pp. 75–96. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010006
- Egan, S., James, S., Holmström, C. and Kjelleberg, S. (2001). Inhibition of algal spore germination by the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 35(1), pp .67–73. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00789.x.
- Freitas, M., Mouga, T., Ana Patrícia Correia, Afonso, C. and Baptista, T. (2021). New insights on the sporulation, germination, and nutritional profile of Gracilaria gracilis (Rhodophyta) grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(6), pp. 562–562. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060562.
- Gerard, V.A. (1988). Ecotypic differentiation in light-related traits of the kelp Laminaria saccharina. Marine Biology, 97(1), pp. 25–36. https://doi. org/10.1007/bf00391242.
- Glenn, E.P., Moore, D., Fitzsimmons, K. and Azevedo, C. (1996). Spore culture of the edible red seaweed, Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta). Aquaculture, 142(1-2), pp. 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01249-4.
- González, M., Montoya, R., Candia, A., Gómez, P. and Cisternas, M. (1996). Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of morpho- types of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Chile. In: Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, pp. 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1659-3_32.
- González-Leija, J.A., Hernández-Garibay, E., Pacheco-Ruíz, I., Guardado-Pu- entes, J., Espinoza-Avalos, J., López-Vivas, J.M. and Bautista-Alcantar, J. (2008). Optimization of the yield and quality of agar from Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gracilariales) from the Gulf of California using an alkaline treatment. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21(3), pp. 321–326. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10811-008-9370-0.
- Guzmán-Urióstegui, A. and Robledo, D. (1999). Factors affecting sporula- tion of Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) carposporophytes from Yucatan, Mexico. Hydrobiologia, 398/399, pp. 285–290. https://doi. org/10.1023/a:1017071427664.
- Halling, C., Aroca, G., Cifuentes, M., Buschmann, A.H. and Troell, M. (2005). Comparison of spore inoculated and vegetative propagated cultivation methods of Gracilaria chilensis in an integrated seaweed and fish cage culture. Aquaculture International, 13(5), pp. 409–422. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10499-005-6977-x
- Hayashi, L., Bulboa, C., Kradolfer, P., Soriano, G. and Robledo, D. (2013). Cultivation of red seaweeds: a Latin American perspective. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(2), pp. 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811- 013-0143-z.
- Infante, R. y Candia, A. (1988). Cultivo de Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss e Iridaea ciliata Kitzing (Rhodophyta, Gigartinaceae) en labora- torio: esporulación inducida y colonización de carposporas en diferentes sustratos. Gayana Botánica, 45, pp. 297–304.
- Jiang, H., Zou, D. and Chen, B. (2018). Effects of reduced carbon supply and sunlight on photosynthetic and antioxidant activities of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, and subsequent changes of these activities under recovery conditions with different salinities. Aquaculture, 493, pp. 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.014.
- Kain, J.M. and Destombe, C. (1995). A review of the life history, reproduction and phenology of Gracilaria. Journal of Applied Phycology, 7(3), pp. 269-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00004001.
- Li, P., Chen, H., Zhang, J., Feng, X., Xiao, B., Hu, Y. and Sui, Z. (2023). Ef- fects of nutrient deficiency on the branch phenotype of the macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta). Aquaculture, 562, p. 738794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738794.
- Li, T., Wu, J., Du, H., Pei, P., Yang, C., Huang, J., Liu, X., Liang, H., Chen, W., Zhang, D. and Lin, S. (2022). Environmental nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient variability triggers intracellular resource reallocation in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta). Algal Research, 66, p. 102778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102778.
- Lideman, L., Bahri, S., Marwan, N., Hartanto, N., Laining , A. and Tassakka, A. (2019). Releasing, attaching and growing of seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) spores in several culture media. AACL Bioflux, 12(6), pp. 2137-2146. https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2019.2137-2146.pdf.
- Liu, L., Zou, D., Jiang, H., Chen, B. and Zeng, X. (2017). Effects of increased CO2 and temperature on the growth and photosynthesis in the marine macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis from the coastal waters of South China. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(2), pp. 1271–1280. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10811-017-1316-y.
- Liu, S., Zhang, J., Hu, C., Sun, X. and Xu, N. (2021). Physiological and transcriptome analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in improving Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis stress tolerance at high temperatures. Algal Research, 60, pp. 102532–102532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.al- gal.2021.102532.
- Marín-Salgado, H. y Peña-Salamanca, E.J. (2025). Características histológi- cas de las fases reproductivas del alga roja Gracilaria blodgettii (Gracila- riaceae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 35(135), pp.125–132. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0370-39082011000200001.
- Mazumder, S., Ghosal, P.K., Stortz, C.A., Carlucci, M., Damonte, E.B. and Ray, B. (2002). Isolation, chemical investigation and antiviral activity of polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 31(1-3), pp.87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(02)00070-3.
- McAlice, B.J. (1971). Phytoplankton sampling with sedgwick rafter cell. Lim- nology and Oceanography, 16(1), pp. 19– 28. https://doi.org/10.4319/ lo.1971.16.1.0019.
- Meinita, M.D.N., Marhaeni, B., Winanto, T., Jeong, G.-T., Khan, M.N.A. and Hong, Y.-K. (2013). Comparison of agarophytes (Gelidium, Gracilaria, and Gracilariopsis) as potential resources for bioethanol production. Jour- nal of Applied Phycology, 25(6), pp. 1957–1961. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10811-013-0041-4.
- Michetti, K.M., Martín, L.A. and Leonardi, P.I. (2013). Carpospore release and sporeling development in Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the southwestern Atlantic coast (Chubut, Argentina). Journal of Ap- plied Phycology, 25(6), pp. 1917–1924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0029-0.
- Murúa, P., Muñoz, L., Bustamante, D., Gauna, C., Hayashi, L., Robledo, D., Strittmatter, M., Arce, P., Westermeier, R., Müller, D.G. and Gachon, C.M.M. (2024). The first phycopathological atlas in Latin America un- veils the underdocumentation of algal pathogens. Algal research, 62, p. 103604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103604.
- Pan, Z., Yu, Y., Chen, Y., Yu, C., Xu, N. and Li, Y. (2022). Combined effects of biomass density and low-nighttime temperature on the competition for growth and physiological performance of Gracilariopsis lemane- iformis and Ulva prolifera. Algal Research, 62, p. 102638. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102638.
- Pang, T., Lu, L., Xue, J., Xin, X. and Liu, J. (2023). A new mode of cultivating Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis for saving environmental and economic costs: Keeping a full stand of vegetative frond cuttings in northern China during the winter. Aquaculture, 571, pp. 739459–739459. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739459.
- Ren, X., Zhang, X. and Sui, Z. (2006). Identification of phase relative genes in tetrasporophytes and female gametophytes of Gracilaria/Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Electronic Journal of Biotech- nology, 9(2), pp. 127–132. https://www.ejbiotechnology.info/index.php/ ejbiotechnology/article/view/v9n2-11.
- Rodríguez, E., Fernández, M., Alvítez, E., Pollack, L., Luján, L., Geldres, C. y Paredes, Y. (2018). Algas marinas del litoral de la región La Libertad, Perú. Scientia Agropecuaria, 9(1), pp. 71–81. https://doi.org/10.17268/ sci.agropecu.2018.01.08.
- Romo, H. (1988). Cultivo de algas mediante esporas. Investigación Pesquera- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, 35, pp.89–98.
- Santelices, B., Vásquez, J., Ohme, U. and Fonck, E. (1984). Managing wild crops of Gracilaria in central Chile. In: Eleventh International Seaweed Symposium. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, pp.77–89. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-94-009-6560-7_12.
- Solís Acosta, J. e Inca, J. (2000). Características hidroquímicas en la bahía de Paracas, Pisco, a fines de la primavera 1999. Informe Progresivo del Instituto del Mar del Perú, 123: 3-19. Available at: https://repositorio. imarpe. gob.pe/handle/20.500.12958/1153.
- Song, T., Liu, L., Tang, Q., Xiang, S., Wang, B., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Chu, Y., Luo, D. and Lin, J. (2021). Antioxidant neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) and dietary fiber production from red algae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis using enzyme assisted one-step process. Food Hydrocolloids, 125, pp. 107382–107382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107382.
- Umamaheswara, M.R. (1976). Spore liberation in Gracilaria corticata J. Agardh growing at Mandapam. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecol- ogy, 21(1), pp. 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(76)90071-x.
- Umamaheswara, R.M. and Subbarangaiah, G. (1981). Effects of envi- ronmental factors on the diurnal periodicity of tetraspores of some Gigartinales (Rhodophyta). In: International Seaweed Symposium (Xth). Berlin, Germany: DeGruter Brill, pp.209–214. https://doi. org/10.1515/9783110865271-019.
- Wang, X., He, L., Ma, Y., Huan, L., Wang, Y., Xia, B. and Wang, G. (2020). Economically important red algae resources along the Chinese coast: History, status, and prospects for their utilization. Algal Research, 46, p. 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101817.
- Wang, Z., Wang, G., Niu, J., Wang, W. and Peng, G. (2010). Optimization of conditions for tetraspore release and assessment of photosynthetic ac- tivities for different generation branches of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 28(4), pp. 738–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-010-9908-2.
- Wei, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, F. and Liang, J. (2021). Increased light availability modulates carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the macroalga Gracilari- opsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) in response to ocean acidification. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 187, p. 104492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104492.
- Xiao, B., Hu, Y., Feng, X. and Sui, Z. (2022). Breeding of new strains of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis with high agar vontent by ARTP mutagen- esis and high osmotic pressure screening. Marine Biotechnology, 25(1), pp. 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-022-10184-2.
- Yang, Y., Li, W., Li, Y. and Xu, N. (2021). Photophysiological responses of the marine macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis to ocean acidification and warming. Marine Environmental Research, 163, p. 105204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105204.
- Yang, Y.-F., Fei, X.-G., Song, J.-M., Hu, H.-Y., Wang, G.-C. and Chung, I.K. (2006). Growth of Gracilaria lemaneiformis under different cultivation conditions and its effects on nutrient removal in Chinese coastal waters. Aquaculture, 254(1-4), pp. 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquacul- ture.2005.08.029.
- Ye, N., Wang, H. and Wang, G. (2006). Formation and early development of tetraspores of Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilaria, Gracilariaceae) under laboratory condition. Aquaculture, 254(1-4), pp. 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.026.
- Zhang, X., Hu, C., Sun, X., Zang, X., Zhang, X., Fang, T. and Xu, N. (2020). Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals chitooligosaccharides-induced stress tolerance of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis under high tem- perature stress. Aquaculture, 519, p. 734876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2019.734876.
- Zhou, W., Sui, Z., Wang, J. and Chang, L. (2013a). An orthogonal design for optimization of growth conditions for all life history stages of Gracilari- opsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta). Aquaculture, 392-395, pp. 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.008.
- Zhou, W., Hu, Y., Sui, Z., Fu, F., Wang, J., Chang, L., Guo, W. and Li, B. (2013b). Genome survey sequencing and genetic background char- acterization of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) based on next-generation sequencing. PLoS One, 8(7), p. e69909. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069909.
- Zhou, W., Sui, Z., Wang, J., Hu, Y., Kyoung Ho Kang, Hak Bae Kim and Niaz, Z. (2016). Mass cultivation of economically important red alga Gracilari- opsis lemaneiformis (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from tetraspores and carpospores. Aquaculture, 460, pp. 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.052.